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Oxford Research Peptides

PROGRAMME · METABOLIC

Incretin Biology

Research programme covering the incretin axis: GLP-1, GIP and glucagon receptor pharmacology, mono / dual / triple agonist chemistry, and the landmark clinical evidence base.

3 compounds3 mechanisms17 studies34 glossary terms

Included compounds

  • Retatrutide
    LY3437943
  • Semaglutide
    NN9535 · Ozempic (brand) · Wegovy (brand) · Rybelsus (brand — oral)
  • Tirzepatide
    LY3298176 · Mounjaro (brand) · Zepbound (brand — obesity)

Core mechanisms

Landmark literature

Comparisons

Research guides

  • What is Retatrutide?
    Introductory reference on Retatrutide (LY3437943) — a triple-agonist investigational peptide referenced in incretin pharmacology literature.
  • Retatrutide Mechanism of Action
    Receptor-level explanation of Retatrutide's activity at GLP-1R, GIPR and GCGR as reported in the published preclinical and clinical literature.
  • GLP-1 Receptor Explained
    Overview of the GLP-1 receptor: a Class B G-protein-coupled receptor central to incretin pharmacology and to a growing family of research peptides.
  • GIP Receptor Explained
    Overview of the GIP receptor: a class B G-protein-coupled receptor engaged by dual and triple incretin-agonist research peptides.
  • Glucagon Receptor Explained
    Overview of the glucagon receptor (GCGR): classification, hepatic signalling and its role as the third receptor in triple-agonist research peptides.
  • Triple Agonists Explained
    Educational overview of triple GLP-1 / GIP / glucagon receptor agonists — pharmacological rationale, structural strategy and comparison to single- and dual-agonist analogues.
  • Retatrutide Research Applications
    Educational review of in-vitro and translational research applications for Retatrutide (LY3437943) as a reference standard.
  • Retatrutide FAQ
    Comprehensive frequently asked questions about Retatrutide (LY3437943): identity, pharmacology, storage, applications and regulatory status.
  • What is Semaglutide?
    Beginner-friendly research-focused introduction to Semaglutide — a long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist derived from native GLP-1(7-37).
  • Semaglutide Mechanism of Action
    Receptor-level explanation of Semaglutide's activity at GLP-1R — Gαs / cAMP / PKA / EPAC2 signalling, β-arrestin recruitment, insulinotropic and glucagonostatic effects, gastric emptying and central appetite modulation.
  • Semaglutide FAQ
    Comprehensive research-focused FAQ on Semaglutide — identity, receptor pharmacology, structural modifications, pharmacokinetics, laboratory handling, evidence base and regulatory status.
  • Semaglutide Pharmacokinetics
    Reported pharmacokinetics of Semaglutide — half-life, albumin binding, C18 di-acid acylation, absorption for subcutaneous vs oral formulations, distribution, steady state and research limitations.
  • Semaglutide Research Applications
    Overview of published Semaglutide research contexts — metabolic, cardiovascular, renal, neuroinflammation/CNS and NAFLD/MASH — with a clear preclinical vs human evidence split.
  • Albumin Binding and Half-Life Extension
    Reusable mechanism guide explaining how fatty-acid acylation supports reversible non-covalent binding to serum albumin, and how that extends the plasma half-life of GLP-1 peptides.
  • Incretin Effect Explained
    Foundation guide to the incretin effect — how GLP-1 and GIP amplify glucose-dependent insulin secretion, the physiology of gut L- and K-cells, and how incretin biology underpins GLP-1 receptor agonist research.
  • What is Tirzepatide?
    Beginner-friendly research-focused introduction to Tirzepatide — a dual GIP / GLP-1 receptor agonist positioned between Semaglutide and Retatrutide in incretin pharmacology.
  • Tirzepatide Mechanism of Action
    Receptor-level explanation of Tirzepatide as a dual GIP / GLP-1 receptor agonist — dual cAMP / PKA signalling, biased β-arrestin engagement at GLP-1R, GIP-adipocyte biology and integrated satiety signalling.
  • Tirzepatide FAQ
    Comprehensive research-focused FAQ on Tirzepatide — identity, dual-receptor pharmacology, structural modifications, pharmacokinetics, laboratory handling, evidence base and regulatory status.

Methodology

No entries yet.

Glossary

Related research areas

  • Peptide Chemistry
  • Receptor Studies

Reading pathways

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